"""Printing subsystem driver
SymPy's printing system works the following way: Any expression can be
passed to a designated Printer who then is responsible to return an
adequate representation of that expression.
**The basic concept is the following:**
1. Let the object print itself if it knows how.
2. Take the best fitting method defined in the printer.
3. As fall-back use the emptyPrinter method for the printer.
Which Method is Responsible for Printing?
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
The whole printing process is started by calling ``.doprint(expr)`` on the printer
which you want to use. This method looks for an appropriate method which can
print the given expression in the given style that the printer defines.
While looking for the method, it follows these steps:
1. **Let the object print itself if it knows how.**
The printer looks for a specific method in every object. The name of that method
depends on the specific printer and is defined under ``Printer.printmethod``.
For example, StrPrinter calls ``_sympystr`` and LatexPrinter calls ``_latex``.
Look at the documentation of the printer that you want to use.
The name of the method is specified there.
This was the original way of doing printing in sympy. Every class had
its own latex, mathml, str and repr methods, but it turned out that it
is hard to produce a high quality printer, if all the methods are spread
out that far. Therefore all printing code was combined into the different
printers, which works great for built-in sympy objects, but not that
good for user defined classes where it is inconvenient to patch the
printers.
2. **Take the best fitting method defined in the printer.**
The printer loops through expr classes (class + its bases), and tries
to dispatch the work to ``_print_<EXPR_CLASS>``
e.g., suppose we have the following class hierarchy::
Basic
|
Atom
|
Number
|
Rational
then, for ``expr=Rational(...)``, the Printer will try
to call printer methods in the order as shown in the figure below::
p._print(expr)
|
|-- p._print_Rational(expr)
|
|-- p._print_Number(expr)
|
|-- p._print_Atom(expr)
|
`-- p._print_Basic(expr)
if ``._print_Rational`` method exists in the printer, then it is called,
and the result is returned back. Otherwise, the printer tries to call
``._print_Number`` and so on.
3. **As a fall-back use the emptyPrinter method for the printer.**
As fall-back ``self.emptyPrinter`` will be called with the expression. If
not defined in the Printer subclass this will be the same as ``str(expr)``.
Example of Custom Printer
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
.. _printer_example:
In the example below, we have a printer which prints the derivative of a function
in a shorter form.
.. code-block:: python
from sympy import Symbol
from sympy.printing.latex import LatexPrinter, print_latex
from sympy.core.function import UndefinedFunction, Function
class MyLatexPrinter(LatexPrinter):
\"\"\"Print derivative of a function of symbols in a shorter form.
\"\"\"
def _print_Derivative(self, expr):
function, *vars = expr.args
if not isinstance(type(function), UndefinedFunction) or \\
not all(isinstance(i, Symbol) for i in vars):
return super()._print_Derivative(expr)
# If you want the printer to work correctly for nested
# expressions then use self._print() instead of str() or latex().
# See the example of nested modulo below in the custom printing
# method section.
return "{}_{{{}}}".format(
self._print(Symbol(function.func.__name__)),
''.join(self._print(i) for i in vars))
def print_my_latex(expr):
\"\"\" Most of the printers define their own wrappers for print().
These wrappers usually take printer settings. Our printer does not have
any settings.
\"\"\"
print(MyLatexPrinter().doprint(expr))
y = Symbol("y")
x = Symbol("x")
f = Function("f")
expr = f(x, y).diff(x, y)
# Print the expression using the normal latex printer and our custom
# printer.
print_latex(expr)
print_my_latex(expr)
The output of the code above is::
\\frac{\\partial^{2}}{\\partial x\\partial y} f{\\left(x,y \\right)}
f_{xy}
Example of Custom Printing Method
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In the example below, the latex printing of the modulo operator is modified.
This is done by overriding the method ``_latex`` of ``Mod``.
.. code-block:: python
from sympy import Symbol, Mod, Integer
from sympy.printing.latex import print_latex
class ModOp(Mod):
def _latex(self, printer=None):
# Always use printer.doprint() otherwise nested expressions won't
# work. See the example of ModOpWrong.
a, b = [printer.doprint(i) for i in self.args]
return r"\\operatorname{Mod}{\\left( %s,%s \\right)}" % (a,b)
class ModOpWrong(Mod):
def _latex(self, printer=None):
a, b = [str(i) for i in self.args]
return r"\\operatorname{Mod}{\\left( %s,%s \\right)}" % (a,b)
x = Symbol('x')
m = Symbol('m')
print_latex(ModOp(x, m))
print_latex(Mod(x, m))
# Nested modulo.
print_latex(ModOp(ModOp(x, m), Integer(7)))
print_latex(ModOpWrong(ModOpWrong(x, m), Integer(7)))
The output of the code above is::
\\operatorname{Mod}{\\left( x,m \\right)}
x\\bmod{m}
\\operatorname{Mod}{\\left( \\operatorname{Mod}{\\left( x,m \\right)},7 \\right)}
\\operatorname{Mod}{\\left( ModOpWrong(x, m),7 \\right)}
"""
from __future__ import print_function, division
from contextlib import contextmanager
from sympy import Basic, Add
from sympy.core.core import BasicMeta
from sympy.core.function import AppliedUndef, UndefinedFunction, Function
from functools import cmp_to_key
@contextmanager
def printer_context(printer, **kwargs):
original = printer._context.copy()
try:
printer._context.update(kwargs)
yield
finally:
printer._context = original
class Printer(object):
""" Generic printer
Its job is to provide infrastructure for implementing new printers easily.
If you want to define your custom Printer or your custom printing method
for your custom class then see the example above: printer_example_ .
"""
_global_settings = {}
_default_settings = {}
emptyPrinter = str
printmethod = None
def __init__(self, settings=None):
self._str = str
self._settings = self._default_settings.copy()
self._context = dict() # mutable during printing
for key, val in self._global_settings.items():
if key in self._default_settings:
self._settings[key] = val
if settings is not None:
self._settings.update(settings)
if len(self._settings) > len(self._default_settings):
for key in self._settings:
if key not in self._default_settings:
raise TypeError("Unknown setting '%s'." % key)
# _print_level is the number of times self._print() was recursively
# called. See StrPrinter._print_Float() for an example of usage
self._print_level = 0
@classmethod
def set_global_settings(cls, **settings):
"""Set system-wide printing settings. """
for key, val in settings.items():
if val is not None:
cls._global_settings[key] = val
@property
def order(self):
if 'order' in self._settings:
return self._settings['order']
else:
raise AttributeError("No order defined.")
def doprint(self, expr):
"""Returns printer's representation for expr (as a string)"""
return self._str(self._print(expr))
def _print(self, expr, **kwargs):
"""Internal dispatcher
Tries the following concepts to print an expression:
1. Let the object print itself if it knows how.
2. Take the best fitting method defined in the printer.
3. As fall-back use the emptyPrinter method for the printer.
"""
self._print_level += 1
try:
# If the printer defines a name for a printing method
# (Printer.printmethod) and the object knows for itself how it
# should be printed, use that method.
if (self.printmethod and hasattr(expr, self.printmethod)
and not isinstance(expr, BasicMeta)):
return getattr(expr, self.printmethod)(self, **kwargs)
# See if the class of expr is known, or if one of its super
# classes is known, and use that print function
# Exception: ignore the subclasses of Undefined, so that, e.g.,
# Function('gamma') does not get dispatched to _print_gamma
classes = type(expr).__mro__
if AppliedUndef in classes:
classes = classes[classes.index(AppliedUndef):]
if UndefinedFunction in classes:
classes = classes[classes.index(UndefinedFunction):]
# Another exception: if someone subclasses a known function, e.g.,
# gamma, and changes the name, then ignore _print_gamma
if Function in classes:
i = classes.index(Function)
classes = tuple(c for c in classes[:i] if \
c.__name__ == classes[0].__name__ or \
c.__name__.endswith("Base")) + classes[i:]
for cls in classes:
printmethod = '_print_' + cls.__name__
if hasattr(self, printmethod):
return getattr(self, printmethod)(expr, **kwargs)
# Unknown object, fall back to the emptyPrinter.
return self.emptyPrinter(expr)
finally:
self._print_level -= 1
def _as_ordered_terms(self, expr, order=None):
"""A compatibility function for ordering terms in Add. """
order = order or self.order
if order == 'old':
return sorted(Add.make_args(expr), key=cmp_to_key(Basic._compare_pretty))
else:
return expr.as_ordered_terms(order=order)